3.1 Direct Measurements

https://open.oregonstate.education/climatechange/chapter/observations/
Introduction to Climate Science: Chapter 2 – Observations
Andreas Schmittner, Oregon State University

3.2 Climate Models

https://open.oregonstate.education/climatechange/chapter/models/
Introduction to Climate Science: Chapter 7 – Models
Andreas Schmittner, Oregon State University

https://youtu.be/fSGorwtY-zM
How Scientists Calculate Climate Change | The Economist | 7:19

3.3 Paleoclimate Proxies

https://open.oregonstate.education/climatechange/chapter/paleoclimate/
Introduction to Climate Science: Ch 3 – Paleoclimate
Andreas Schmittner, Oregon State University

https://iu.pressbooks.pub/zkilibar/chapter/chapter-4-paleoclimate-studies/
Climate Change Science: Ch 4 – Paleoclimate Studies
Zoran Kilibarda, Indiana University

https://youtu.be/kZHjCEwnkHM
TEDx Talk – Fingerprinting Climate Using Proxies | Dr Jeremy Owens | 14:25

3.3a Dendrochronology (Study of Tree Rings)

https://https://youtu.be/GvuLjhdEBoo
Dendroclimatology: Using Tree Rings to Reconstruct Past Climates
Crow Canyon Archaeological Center | 4:42

https://youtu.be/xmZO7aRgcW4
Tree Stories: How Tree Rings Reveal Extreme Weather Cycles
Brigham Young University | 4:42

3.3b Sclerochronology (Study of Shell Growth Layers)

https://youtu.be/BtGFcsjaOFA9nJDTR6R7Gc
Geoducks: Climate Storytellers of the Sea | UArizona Research | 3:13

3.3c Palynology (Study of Pollen)

https://youtu.be/NM-N76qWMtQ
Pollen, Practically Indestructible | Science Magazine | 1:26

3.3d Oxygen Isotopes

https://youtu.be/oaOfeSJZ3lY
Tiny Seashells Know How Much Ice Was on Earth| Minute Earth | 2:50

3.3e Ice and Sediment Cores

https://iu.pressbooks.pub/zkilibar/chapter/chapter-5-ice-cores/
Climate Change Science: Ch 5 – Sediment Cores, Ice Cores and Climate Change
Zoran Kilibarda, Indiana University

https://youtu.be/myxVsYI4WZk
How Ancient Ice Proves Climate Change is Real | Be Smart | 12:25

https://youtu.be/Yvu-g8BkkIg
Climate Evidence from Sediments | The Open University | 3:29